Class Templates & Specialization

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template <typename T>
class Stack {
    std::vector<T> data_;
public:
    void push(const T& v) { data_.push_back(v); }
    T    pop() { T v = data_.back(); data_.pop_back(); return v; }
    bool empty() const { return data_.empty(); }
};

Stack<int> si; Stack<std::string> ss;

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template <typename T> struct Serializer {
    static std::string to_text(const T& v) { return std::to_string(v); }
};

template <> struct Serializer<bool> {
    static std::string to_text(bool v) { return v ? "true" : "false"; }
};

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template <typename T> struct Traits            { static constexpr bool is_ptr = false; };
template <typename T> struct Traits<T*>        { static constexpr bool is_ptr = true;  };
template <typename K, typename V> struct Traits<std::pair<K,V>> { /* ... */ };